Archive for February, 2009

The Etiquette On Distributing Wedding Favors

Friday, February 27th, 2009

Making a faux pas during the wedding ceremony or at the wedding reception is every bride’s nightmare. It is best to acquaint yourself with the etiquette related to various wedding traditions so there is no chance of a goof up. Distributing wedding favors can also get tricky if you don’t know what to do. Here are some tips on handling different wedding favor situations.

- The classic distribution of wedding favors requires you to place one favor at each place setting. For this kind of distribution you need to purchase one favor for each guest including children. You also want to buy some extras in case of damage or unexpected guests. An excess of 5% of the expected wedding guests is recommended. It’s better to have a few leftover favors than to seat guests without favors.

- If your wedding favors budget is a bit tight, why not give out one wedding favor per couple? This method will cut your wedding favors budget into half. The way to go about sharing wedding favors is to place the favor between the couple with a card stating both their names so they know the favor is to be shared. If you skip the card, it could cause embarrassing scenes so be extra careful. In such cases, it is best to choose wedding favors that have a ‘couple’ theme like chocolate covered Jordan almonds in a bride & groom theme or a photo frame with place for two photos. Children & young adults get their own wedding favors, as do singles without a date. Please DO NOT expect siblings to share. That’s a guaranteed recipe for failure.

- If your wedding favors are part of a bigger theme like having a fruit table for desert and giving away chocolate dipped strawberries as favors, then it might be a wise idea to arrange for a center display. Place all the favors on a single beautifully decorated table in fancy baskets or with elegant decorations. The table could also be part of your wedding décor. Add a note requesting the guests to help themselves to a wedding favor each. Make sure you keep extras at the table in case of damage or double dipping.

- You can also place the wedding favors directly in the cars of your guests. Ask the valet to place your wedding favor in the guests’ cars. This can get tricky if guests are pooling in and driving to the wedding together. But what a lovely surprise for your guests when they think the event is over only to find an unexpected favor waiting for them.

- In case you are having a buffet instead of a sit-down dinner, then it is best to place the favors at a table near the exit. Add a small note thanking the guests and requesting them to take a favor each. This also saves the guests the trouble of carrying around their wedding favors during the wedding and the chance that they could forget it at the table or elsewhere. Of course, if you plan to do this, you cannot buy wedding favors that are to be used during the ceremony. Bells to be rung as a signal for the couple to kiss, server sets to use for the cake cutting ceremony and bubbles to blow at the departing couple are all eliminated. So choose your wedding favor carefully.

There are many wedding etiquette do’s and don’ts for the ceremony and the reception and often traditions should be followed. But keep in mind that the wedding belongs to the bride and the groom and should they choose to ignore the protocol of customary wedding etiquette it is a forgivable offense. The day is after all their celebration of union and joy. Any choice they make that make them happy is the proper choice.

Andrea Britt is owner of CharmingWeddings.com where you can find elegant, unique wedding favors, bridal party favors ideas, and wedding planning tips.

Controls – The Building Blocks of Automation

Friday, February 27th, 2009

As man learns to make machines that no longer rely on animal
or human power, he finds that he has to develop some means to
manage and control them. Powerful machines let loosed by
themselves will create havoc and destruction.

Control systems have been developed for machines or processes
so as to reduce the chances of failure and to provide the
required results.

Basically, there are open loop control systems and close loop
control systems.

Open loop systems are those where the controller action is not
related to the final result. This means that there is no
feedback to the controller to adjust the control action. A
simple example is when you fill up a tank using a garden hose.
As long as the tap is opened, the water will flow. The height
of the water in the tank will not make the tap close.

However, when you see the tank becoming full and decide to
close the tap, you are adding the element of feedback to the
loop. It then becomes a closed loop. But it is a human
controlled closed loop.

Closed loop systems use feedback from the final result to
adjust the control action accordingly.

But how would you like to stand in one position, watch the
process going on and operate valves, or switches according to
the conditions you want? This is very tiring, isn’t it?

Moreover, human beings are prone to fatigue, boredom, and
misjudgment. Manual control works very well only if the speed
of the response is very slow, and the result is not very
critical or important. Human controlled systems can become
very unreliable.

Machines are made to replace humans in most control systems
today.

The basic feature of any control system consists of 4 elements.
These are the measuring element, the controlling element, the
set value, and the correcting element.

The measuring element provides a means of detection/measurement
of the conditions required. This is the “eyes” or “ears” (or
other senses) of the system.

The controlling element is the place where all the decisions on
what actions to take are being made. It can be considered the
“brains” of the system. It must make decisions based on certain
guidelines or values required. The set values are inputted into
the system by humans.

The correcting element is where the correction to the process
is done. It can be considered like the “hands” or “feet” of the
system. It must take certain physical actions to bring the
processes back to the set value.

Well folks, be in control!

BREAK FREE from computer dependence!

Why use computers when you can read magazines.

Avoid eye strain and fatigue.

EzineArticles Expert Author Thomas Yoon

Many years of working experience in Marine, Facilities,
Construction has given the author material for writing e-books
and articles related to engineering, and management. Subscribe to facworld ezine

More information at Marine Engineer and M & E Engineer

Internet Sports Betting Keeps Gambling Lovers in Their Houses

Thursday, February 26th, 2009

A new generation of gambling devotees will likely have found the caption “offshore sports betting”, but aren’t completely savvy what that indicates. A foreign gambling internet site basically runs external to the legal power of a particular land alternatively it could be an internet gaming website that always has its computer servers inside the borders of a state where machine-accessible gambling is not currently illegitimate. Briefly therefore, it’s best portrayed as a wagering organization doing business outside the nation of the customer. World wide web based sports gambling web pages are all governed with the assistance of three governing bodies. These corporations are OSGA (the Offshore Gaming Association), the IGC (Interactive Gaming Council) and the Fidelity Trust Gaming Association FTGA.

sports wagering rule

The Offshore Gaming Association is a nonpartisan institute which regulates the overseas gambling trade, they endeavor to also present gamblers the ability to readily distinguish respectable enterprises to play betting games with. It endeavors to look after the concerns of betters, and also they don’t charge any membership dues. The OSGA are a highly professional and objective third party company who pronounce non-biased viewpoints, established on your observations, independent investigation, telephone chats, inside information and in addition supplies inside communication.

The IGC are a non commercially influenced organisation. The council has been created to allow a forum for curious people to talk about questions not to mention to further applicable concerns in the international online sports gaming business, in an effort to establish even handed and accountable commercial codes and methods that enhance end user faith in interactive wagering commodities and benefits, and also to aid as the sports gaming trade’s global procedure interpreter and it operates as an info clearinghouse.

The IGC has built up a name for trustworthiness, integrity and also solidity by reason of the elevated principles it demands, also its appeal to trustworthy business enterprises. The Interactive Gaming Council influences offshore betting through implementing a particular 10-point code of conduct and also bills sports gambling businesses fees to feature the council’s logo. Disappointed gamblers may, should they wish, state any of their divergences of opinion to the Interactive Gaming Council.

The FTGA has been established in order to set a benchmark which will raise the policies of online sports gambling trading operations. The Interactive Gaming Council hope that conducting business only with honorable partners, they can mold a coalition of the most trustworthy and most efficient internet gaming businesses multinationally. Thus, these are organizations which observe the procedures of world wide web based sports gaming and which should in time serve to assuage most of the fears because of apprehension held by numerous betters. Web based gambling internet sites are totally secure, in as much as personal details shouldn’t be demanded and the payouts and the betting odds should be as uniform and sportsmanlike as in a standard Vegas-type bet. These websites diminish travel time, but maintain of a Vegas gambling casino, but now you may game in the comfort of home.

What Your Home Based Business Plan Can Do For You

Thursday, February 26th, 2009

You have put in the time and research to develop your home based business plan, but now you need to know what to do with it. The business plan does more than just attract potential investors to help you raise capital, it also can be used as a communication and goal setting tool, too.

When you were developing your home based business plan, you had to look at every potential facet of your business. Writing it down helped you document the direction and goals for your business, and the business plan can actually help you see the future. It has allowed to you develop a roadmap to navigate the tough times and focus on your growth. In your home based business plan, you have your basis for your mission statement and values that will drive you forward. You can even use your written home based business plan as part of your training for future employees.


The business plan will also help you keep track of your progress over the days, months, and years you are in business. As your business grows and changes, your home based business plan should change with you. You will be able to establish milestones in your business, and you will be able to track your projections alongside your accomplishments.


Of course, the most important aspect of the business plan is to attract investors, obtain loans, and hire strategic business partners. The financial impact a good home based business plan can have on your company is integral for your future success. As your company grows, you may need more capital, and a good business plan can draw people and financiers to your business. Your home based business plan will show these investors how you are planning to grow and make a profit. It also shows these investors that you have a good plan for both the good times and the hard times of business.


Read the rest of the article here: What Your Home Based Business Plan Can Do For You.


Download the Free Quick Start Workbook (Free $97 Value!) and receive valuable tips, strategies and techniques designed to grow a very successful Home Based Business.


Copyright © Charles Fuchs is an established Six Figure Income earner and one of the top online marketer’s. He specializes in helping people start their very own Work at Home and Home Based Business on the internet.


I grant permission to publish this article, electronically or in print, as long as the bylines are included, with a live link, and the article is not changed in any way.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Copyright © Charles Fuchs is an established Six Figure Income earner and one of the top online marketer’s. He specializes in helping people start their very own Work at Home and Home Based Business on the internet.

NABGG (Nat’l Assoc. of Black Geologists & Geophysicists) 23rd Annual Conference 9/15 – 9/18, 2004 -

Monday, February 23rd, 2009

The NABGG (National Association of Black Geologists and Geophysicists) will hold it’s 23rd annual conference on Wednesday, September 15 – Saturday, September 18, 2004.

HOUSTON, TX (PRWEB) August 18, 2004 — Please plan to join us, as we convene our 23rd annual meeting that will be held in Austin, Texas with the University of Texas at Austin serving as the host institution. Heralding excellent research and technology, the University of Texas at Austin’s Geoscience Department is a world class department that has consistently produced some of the most influential experts in the field of geoscience.

This year’s conference theme “Partnering Our Different Worlds” conveys the concept of the connectivity of the different aspects of geoscience in our society, including Oil & Gas, Environmental Sciences, Academia, Professional Societies, and Governmental Agencies.

Some of the highlights include: Keynote Speakers:

-Dr. Sandra K. Johnson, Manager, IBM Linux Technology Center -Dr. Jerry Harris, Head of Geophysics Department, Stanford University -Dr. Edwin Dorn, Dean, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin. -Dr. William L. Fisher, Director of the Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin.

Technical Presentations, Career Fair, Tours, and Community Service Activities

In addition, many Texas state leaders are expected to attend this national convention. The convention promises to be an exciting one, so please begin planning to join us. We hope to see you in Austin!

About NABGG NABGG strives to increase minority representation in the geosciences through partnerships with academia and by mentoring undergraduate as well as graduate students. We are committed to the continuous training and development of aspiring and practicing geoscientists.

Visit NABGG online: www.nabgg.org

NABGG 4212 San Felipe, Suite 420 Houston, Texas 77027-2902 nabgg_us@hotmail.com

The Next Generation…

Monday, February 23rd, 2009

The Next Generation…

Terry Dashner…………Faith Fellowship Church PO Box 1586 Broken Arrow, OK 74013

Consider this. Star Trek: The Next Generation wrapped up its final season in May 1994. Although The Next Generation was an updated version of the 1960s Star Trek series, its producers went beyond Star Trek’s: “Spacethe final frontier” theme and exploited a new philosophy of the emerging generation: postmodernism. What is postmodernism, anyway?

In his book entitled, A Primer on Postmodernism (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 1996), Stanley J. Grenz states: “Like modern fiction in general, the original Star Trek series reflected many aspects of the Enlightenment project and of late modernity. The crew of the Enterprise included persons of various nationalities working together for the common benefit of humankind. They were the epitome of the modern universalist anthropology. The message was obvious: we are all human, and we must overcome our differences and join forces in order to complete our mandate, the quest for certain, objective knowledge of the entire universe of which space looms as ‘the final frontier.’”

Interesting. As you might recall from world history class 101, the birth of the modern era is usually placed at the dawn of the Enlightenment (18th century). Building on the Renaissance, the Enlightenment elevated man to the center of the world. During this time the French philosopher, Rene Descartes, turned western philosophy upside-down, literally. He focused on doubt, which led him to conclude that the existence of the thinking self is the first truth that doubt cannot deny (Grenz, page 3). Isaac Newton later provided the scientific framework for modernity, picturing the physical world as a machine the laws and regularity of which could be discerned by the human mind.

Moreover, it became the goal of the human intellectual quest to unlock the secrets of the universe in order to master nature for human benefit and create a better world. This quest led to the modernity characteristic of the twentieth century, which has sought to bring rational management to life in order to improve human existence through technology (Grenz, page 3). In other words, the universe is ruled by laws, perceived by the human intellect; therefore, educate humankind and knowledge will usher in a new age of enlightened men. Knowledge is power.

Then again, postmodernism represents a rejection of the Enlightenment project and the foundational assumptions upon which it was built. Modernity has been under attack since the German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), told us that God was dead. In eschewing the Enlightenment myth of inevitable progress, postmodernism replaces the optimism of the last century with a gnawing pessimism. Gone is the belief that every day, in every way, we are getting better and better. To the postmodernist, knowledge is not objective. There are many paths to knowledge besides reason, including the emotions and the intuition. The world is not simply an objective given that is ‘out there,’ waiting to be discovered and known; reality is relative, indeterminate, and participatory (Grenz, page 7). Wow. That’s heavy stuff.

Continuing the Star Trek analogy, the postmodern perspective is reflected in the second Star Trek series, The Next Generation. The crew of the later Enterprise is more diverse than that of the original, including species from other parts of the universe. This change represents the broader universality of postmodernity: humankind is no longer the only advanced intelligence, for evolution has been operative throughout the cosmos. More importantly, the understanding of the quest for knowledge has changed. Humankind is not capable of completing the mandate alone; nor does the burden of the quest fall to humans alone. The crew of the Enterprise symbolizes the ‘new ecology’ of humankind in partnership with the universe. Their mission is no longer to boldly go ‘where no man has gone before’ but ‘where no one has gone before.’ (Grenz page 9).

Although Data often provides valuable assistance in dealing with problems, he is only one of several who contribute to finding solutions. In addition to the ‘master of rationality,’ the Enterprise crew includes persons skilled in the affective and intuitive dimensions of human life. Especially prominent is Counselor Troi, a woman gifted with ability to perceive the hidden feelings of others. In this new world, time is no longer simply linear, appearance is not necessarily reality, and the rational is not always to be trusted (Grenz, page 9). Things are upside-down.

As George Marsden correctly concludes, in some sense evangelicalismwith its focus on scientific thinking, the empirical approach, and common senseis a child of early modernity. But our society is in the throes of a monumental transition, moving from modernity to postmodernity. The emerging generation has been nurtured in a context shaped less by commitment to the Enlightenment project embodied in Star Trek than by the postmodern vision of Rorty and Star Trek: The Next Generation (Grenz page 10). So where do we go from here?

Weevangelicalsgo boldly where many men before us have failed to go: back to the Word of God. We don’t need to change the message to relate to the postmodernists. We need to proclaim, even louder, that Jesus is the same yesterday, today, and forever. Jesus is the Way, the Truth, and the Life, period. He has always been the Way. He has always been the Truth. And He has always been and forever will be the Life. If any man will hear his voice and call on Him, Jesus will save him from his sins. This, my friend, is the Gospel Truth that need not change to accommodate the modernists and postmodernists, but the modernists and postmodernists can be changed by the power of the Gospel if we commoners will boldly proclaim it.

Keep the faith. Stay the course. Jesus is coming soon! Men will one day discover that Jesus is Truth, absolutely.

Pastor T. dash.

About the Author

Pastors a small church in Broken Arrow, OK.

Ironman Wisconsin Triathlon

Sunday, February 22nd, 2009

The Madison area is host to the Ironman Wisconsin triathlon with more than 1,800 elite athletes from around the world are expected to participate. The rush of excitement is building as September 7th is fast approaching. Record attendance is expected this year, as this triathlon is one of the four sanctioned events in the United States.

The persistence of these men and women will be challenged to the fullest as their determination shines through. The 2.4-mile swimming loop will be in the incredible waters of beautiful Lake Monona. The biking portion is a 112-mile loop that stretches into the rural country backroads touching the entire town of Verona. Take time to visit this proud community as spectators stand on the curbs cheering the disciplined bikers as they flash by. Verona’s festival last year alone attracted over 20,000 people and was likened to the “Tour de France”. The pumped-up pedalers will also be racing through Mount Horeb and Cross Plains. The final 26.2 miles is the running portion that tests the endurance of each individual. This part of the course will take the triathletes through scenic parks, historical sites and local attractions such as the University of Madison.

Ironman North America and Wisconsin Sports Development Corporation should stand tall as the lead organizations that brought this exciting event to our magnificent state. Their generous sponsors and ambitious volunteers deserve credit for sharing their efforts in setting up water and first aid stations along the way, coordinating shuttles and lodging, working with local and state officials, and their endless generosities could go on. Thanks for helping make this triathlon run so smoothly. If you are unable to attend, don’t feel left out. You will be able to view the Ironman Wisconsin on various regional stations throughout the state and on National TV stations: ESPN, the Outdoor Life Channel and CNN.

The vigorous training of each triathlete should be commended. The mindset to push oneself to attempt an Ironman triathlon goal is exhilarating. Each contestant should embrace the honor of participating in this inspiring event. The hard work and time spent in developing these awarding-winning talents to accomplish their dream is the true reward.

Getting Hold of Business Insurance Is Definitely Necessary to the Running of Your Business

Friday, February 20th, 2009

There is no question the fact that the triumph of an organisation ultimately is thanks to the work done by the workers, although one incident can swiftly wipe out all your plans & bring down the financial profits to dust. So, to avoid such a case, you are recommended to insure your firm, whether it is a small company or a giant corporation. Nonetheless, please remember that SMEs are more probable to need business insurance cover in today’s busy world. This is essentially since smaller company owners will have put their entire lives and earnings straight into the organisation.

A handful of the items commonly protected by most business insurance covers consist of: natural catastrophes, landslides, machine or apparatus breakdown that closes down the company, loss of income because of staff carelessness and court cases brought against the company.

There are a great number of insurance businesses, which provide policies that combine protection for all important property and legal risks in one package. You can also opt for a separate policy covers. Such cover is typically referred to as a business owners’ policy (BOP). Bigger organisations may well pay for a business-related cover.

BOPs include office insurance for property and equipments belonging to the organisation. If there is any loss of earnings caused by disruption of functions and business because of tragedies such as hurricanes, it can be insured under the Business Interruption policy.

There are a variety of policies, which cover the businesses legal duty for the injury it might well cause to others. It’s the effect your businesses failure to do the business operations. It can also be the bodily injury or building damage caused because of malfunctioning manufactured goods, faulty installations and slip-ups in services provided. Buy public liability online with no hassle.

Despite this, BOPs do not cover against professional liability, motor cover, employees’ re-payment or health and disability cover. With this in mind, separate insurance policies are necessary for professional services, commercial motor vehicles & workers. On the whole, floods, earthquakes and terrorist attacks are not protected in the business cover. Please check before you acquire a policy!

Should You Avoid Sugars at All Cost

Thursday, February 19th, 2009

Should You Avoid Sugars at All Cost

Perhaps your weakness is pistachio ice cream, brownies with nuts, or pancakes covered with syrup. Many of us crave sweets–sometimes throughout the day. Some of us may even be addicted to sugar. The problem is, large helpings of sugary foods can lead to substantial weight gain. But eating sugar-free does not necessarily guarantee weight loss.

A food may be sugar-free and still contain a great amount of calories and carbohydrates. You may be thinking that you can lose weight simply by using sugar substitutes. However, this is a nave way of thinking, since some sugar substitutes increase your intake of both calories and carbs. For instance, the sugar substitute fructose adds calories and carbs to your daily diet. These types of sugar substitutes are often called sugar alcohols or polyols.

It should be stated that polyols can be highly beneficial. For instance, while they offer a sugary taste, they have fewer calories than sugar. They are particularly advantageous for people with diabetes and, unlike sugar, they do not cause tooth decay. You can find polyols in a number of baked goods and candies. Interestingly enough, they can even be found in mouthwashes.

Given the fact that polyols are low-cal, they can be helpful in a weight management program. Fortunately, there are a number of desserts that are both sugar-free and delicious. For instance, sugar-free lemon cheesecake is a healthy alternative to the typical high-calorie cheesecake. You can also make butterscotch and pumpkin pudding by using sugar-free butterscotch pudding mix.

A sugar-free version of Old-Fashioned Applesauce cake is made with reduced calorie margarine, Splenda, and unsweetened applesauce, while light chocolate peanut butter pie can be created with sugar-free chocolate pudding and fat-free whipped dessert topping. Meanwhile, sugar-free strawberry pie can be made with diet Sprite or 7-Up and sugar-free strawberry gelatin.

The American Diabetes Association heartily endorses sugar-free diets. The organization also recommends consuming at least five servings of fruits and vegetables each day; a half-dozen servings of breads and cereals; no more than three servings of low-fat milk or yogurt, lean meats; and a limited amount of sweets and desserts.

When you dine in restaurants, the Diabetes Association recommends that you save half your meal for the next day in order to avoid calorie overload. You might also consider sharing a meal or dessert with someone else. Also, you might want to substitute a salad for potatoes. In addition, you should ask that your dressing or sauce be served on the side in order to attempt to control portions.

It is interesting to note that a food can be labeled “no sugar added” and still contain sugar. The label refers to the fact that no table sugar is involved; however, the food could still have its share of natural sugars. As a result, no-sugar-added food could have as many calories as other types of food. In addition, the Diabetes Association cautions that eating protein alone will not enhance your muscles. Rather, you need exercise to strengthen your muscles.

While eating sugar-free food can be beneficial, the Diabetes Association offers other tips for attempting to lose weight and keep it off. In general, the guidelines call for reducing calories and fat, exercising each day, not skipping breakfast, and maintaining a food log which indicates everything you have consumed on a daily basis.

Lessening your dependence on sugar can be an important first step toward improving your diet. But, as we have seen, simply eating sugar-free will not guarantee that you will achieve the weight loss you’re looking for. Weight reduction takes a great deal of discipline and patience. You did not gain all of your extra weight in a single day, so you can’t expect to be rid of it instantaneously. Before cutting out sugar entirely from your diet, it’s best to check with your doctor. He or she can also give you some effective weight management techniques. It’s always best to have a medical doctor overseeing your weight loss plan. That can help to ensure that you maintain good health during the weight reduction process. With dedication and hard work, you can achieve your weight loss goals. You yourself may be astounded at your progress, once you begin a sensible diet plan.

Moving Past Your Comfort Zone

Saturday, February 14th, 2009

We all gravitate toward what we feel most comfortable doing. We avoid going to certain places or doing certain things, because we’re afraid of failing or of looking foolish or any number of other (often unfounded) fears. So instead of taking on a new challenge, we stick with the tried and true. It’s called staying in your comfort zone and it is one of the biggest roadblocks to leading a truly fulfilling life.

If you’ve read this far, you’re probably among the majority of people who regret not having taken certain chances in their lives. Maybe it’s something from back in High School –like not trying to talk to someone you felt attracted to. Or maybe it was not asking for that promotion at work a few months ago. The point is – each of us likes to hover in our own comfortable little space, often at the cost of missing out on being truly happy. And, let me tell you, there’s nothing worse then letting your life slip by because you don’t feel comfortable taking chances once in a while.

So what can you do? —Start with baby steps…

You’ll be surprised what a small amount of effort can do for your self confidence. About 6 months past my 40th birthday, I (for the first time in my life) joined a Gym. That was a big step for me, as being a sedate, “computer guy” caused me to really pack on the pounds. I was self-conscious about not only my weight but also my age (I was expecting to see only very thin 20 something’s working out). Anyway, as soon as I made the commitment to hit the gym, I started feeling better about myself. It was the simple fact that I had moved past my comfort zone and made a decision to do something different. That small step was the catalyst that got me out of the slump of sitting in front of my computer all day.

Today, I’m at the gym pretty much 6 days a week. I’ve move past just walking the treadmill, now I do weight training plus I’m taking Yoga and Kickboxing classes. And guess what, those very thin 20 something’s aren’t really that intimidating after all.

My point is, once you make even a small change it gives your confidence a boost and you start looking for the next challenge. And make no mistake, when you finally break out of your comfort zone, the whole world looks different!

David Olsen is the founder of 40Something Fitness A website dedicated to overcoming middle age. Check it out when you’re starting to feel old…